Laziness

Laziness is the lack of desire to act or work in general or to do an act or work that is expected from a person. In dictionary laziness is described as aversion or unwillingness to work or even relaxed and easy activity. So, there are two descriptions. One more negative than other.

If we will talk about the laziness like an aversion of work, it may come from the psychological causes: the work can be very unpleasant for us and we try to avoid it. For example, for students it can be unacceptable subject. It is an intellectual laziness: people are lack of energy to think. In my opinion, they do not have willpower to start working or to leave it and start doing something more interesting.

Other type of laziness is emotional laziness. It is than people are an affective lazy. Human do not see a purpose to do something, to achieve or to change something in his life. His emotions are a little bit lower than normal. This type of laziness may verge on apathy – the state of indifference. It can reflect a lack of interest in things one does not consider important. This state may grow to the depression, what is much more difficult state of emotions and needs special attention.

One more type of laziness is physical laziness. It is a lack of energy. Laziness is always associated with procrastination. In this type too. Some people say that it is just a rest, but it is more. Than we take too much rest than we are needed it is already a physical laziness.

One comic has said: “you cannot teach people to be lazy, either they have it or they do not.” So we can say that there is one more type of laziness: pathological laziness. But does it mean that it is inborn? I do not think so. This feature forms our experience and social life, settings and people who surround us.

To sum up, laziness is not an attractive feature so; we have to cope with it: we have to find an interesting activity, change our minds and thinking, communicate with people who can help for us, push us in some new activity or work.

References:

http://c2.com/cgi/wiki?LazinessImpatienceHubris

http://living.scotsman.com/health.cfm?id=1825492007

Laughter

Do you smile shyly, laugh silently or loudly? There are a lot of types of people, so there are and lot of types of laughter. However, the most important thing is that laughter makes you and other people feel better, picks up your mood and improve your physical and psychological state. But how can we describe this word-laughter?

Laughter is an expression or appearance of amusement. It is a sound that can be heard. Laughter establishes or restores a positive emotional climate and a sense of connection between two people.

There are a lot of benefits of laughter:

• It reduces pain and allows us to tolerate discomfort
• It reduces blood sugar levels
• It improves your job performance, especially if your work depends on creativity and solving complex problems.
• Now comes hard new evidence that laughter helps your blood vessels function better. In other words, it is good for your heart and brain, two organs that require the steady flow of oxygen carried in the blood.

However, the most important thing for us is what the role of the laughter in psychology is.
For example, therapists have long used laughter to treat patient‘s depression using laughter as a part of therapy. Laughter is good even for people who are not sick. Psychologist Black says strong laughter gives people a mini-workout. When people laugh, their muscles contract, their pulse rates rise and their breathing is faster. Humor therapists suggest adopting an attitude of playfulness. It is a traditional form of American humor--listening to tapes of funny jokes and stories, taking a humor-meditation break during a tense part of the day, and sharing laughter. Other physical and mental exercises to create humor and reduce tension in daily life include making funny facial expressions, looking at funny photos of yourself, and making lists of what makes you especially happy.Some hospitals now have a special rooms, where patients can go to read humorous books and watch funny videos.So, there are a lot ways to pick up your mood.

However, there are and some disadvantages of the laughter. Hobbes argues that "laughter is nothing else but sudden glory arising from some sudden conception of some eminency in ourselves „Laughing can be good for the heart, sometimes it has actually caused a stroke or heart attack. After abdominal surgery, it is also advised for the patient not to laugh, as it could rip the stitches. Pregnant woman should also preferably avoid laughter sessions until some conclusive data regarding the safety is available. Finally, even a normal person experiencing discomfort while laughing, must discontinue immediately and seek expert medical help. People with certain types of brain damage produce abnormal laughter.

Freud had said that we laugh because we have to release "psychic energy". For Aristotle, we jus laugh at inferior or ugly individuals, because we feel a joy at being superior to them.

To sum up, at least laughter is good way to feel better, take a little bit different look to the life. And there are much more advantages, than disadvantages. And we do not have to forget that the more we laugh, the longer we live.

Conflicts

Conflict is a disagreement between two or more parts who perceive that they have incompatible concerns. They are natural and inevitable part of people working together, sharing diverse thoughts, concerns, perspectives, and goals. Conflicts may start because of misunderstanding, different views, objectives, values, religions infrequent or ineffective communication and so on…Some of them are small and solvable, some destructive and damaging, growing even into war. Most people have no interest in creating conflict with others. However, at times we feel so exasperated that we focus on our own needs at the expense of others’. And then we find ourselves in conflict.

There are a lot of types of conflicts:

• Interpersonal conflict
• Intrapersonal conflict
• Community conflict
• Group conflict
• Ideological conflict
• Economic conflict
• Diplomatic conflict
• Religious conflict
• Military conflict and a lot of others…
  

The most important conflicts are:
Intrapersonal conflict occurs within us: when we are at odds with ourselves, when we are frustrated with our goals. Conflict with us very often leads to conflict with others.
Interpersonal conflict occurs between two or more individuals. We might get into a heated debate in a meeting.
Group conflict occurs between groups: nations, gangs, work areas, etc.

A vivid example of interpersonal and group conflicts can be a story of Romeo and Juliet.
Interpersonal conflict occurs between Romeo, Tybalt, and Merculio. Tybalt kills Merculio, and Romeo, in turn, kills Tybalt.
Group conflict exists between the Capulets and Montagues.

The most interesting and important sort of conflict for us of course is an interpersonal conflict because it is related with us.
If we will appeal to psychology books the most common causes of conflicts are approach and avoidance. To approach is to have a tendency to do something or to move in a direction that will be pleasurable and satisfying. To avoid is to resist doing something, perhaps because it will not be pleasurable or satisfying.

These two categories produce three kinds of conflicts:
Approach-Approach Conflict –both alternatives are incompatible goals.
Approach-Avoidance Conflict - here is a desire both to do something and not to do it.
Avoidance-Avoidance Conflict - here there are two alternatives, both of which may be unpleasant.
Of course there are many views how to divide conflicts and it is impossible to cover all of them

There are two main views to conflicts:

1.Conflicts are bad and should be avoided.

2.Conflict is neither inherently bad nor good but is inevitable and structurally induced.

In my opinion, the second view is more advisable. Conflicts between people are a fact of the life and it’s not necessarily a bad thing. Of course when conflict occurs, the relationship may be weakened but it can be strengthened too. It depends on us, how we will receive and solve these conflicts. We have to talk, express our feelings and listen to other person, try to understand his feelings and together find a solution which will give a satisfaction for both of you.

To sum up, conflicts are not bad things; sometimes they help us to find a decision and solution from the difficult situation. The only one we can do is to act rationally in conflicted situations.

Sources:
http://www.drbalternatives.com/articles/cc2.html
http://www.sonlifeafrica.com/model/conflict.htm
http://www.jlasc.com/conflict.htm